The History of the Armillary Sphere

An armillary sphere is a miniature representation of celestial objects in the sky, depicted as a series of rings centered around a globe. Armillary spheres have a long history. Early History of the Armillary Sphere Some sources credit Greek philosopher Anaximander of Miletus (611-547 BCE) with inventing the armillary sphere, others credit Greek astronomer Hipparchus (190-120 BCE), and some credit the Chinese. Armillary spheres first appeared in China during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE). One early  Chinese  armillary sphere can be traced to Zhang Heng, an astronomer in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 CE). The exact origin of armillary spheres cannot be confirmed. However, during the Middle Ages, armillary spheres became widespread and increased in sophistication. Armillary Spheres in Germany The earliest surviving globes were produced in Germany. Some were made by German map-maker Martin Behaim of Nuremberg in 1492. Another early maker of armillary spheres was Caspar Vopel (1511-1561), a German mathematician and geographer. Vopel made a small manuscript terrestrial globe housed within a series of eleven interlocking armillary rings produced in 1543. What Armillary Spheres Got Wrong By moving the armillary rings, you could theoretically demonstrate how the stars and other celestial objects moved in the sky. However, these armillary spheres reflected early misconceptions of astronomy. The spheres depicted  the Earth at the center of the universe, with interlocking rings illustrating the circles of the sun, moon, known planets, and important stars (as well as the signs of the zodiac). This makes them a model of the inaccurate Ptolemaic (or Earth-centered) cosmic system (as opposed to the  way things actually work, by the Copernican System, with the sun as the center of the solar system.) Armillary spheres  often got geography wrong, too—Caspar Vopels sphere, for instance, depicts North America and Asia as one land mass, a common misconception of the time.

Clinical Psychology And Educational Psychology Essay

Hugh Coolican (2007) defined applied psychology as â€Å"the use of theory and findings in psychology to solve practical problems in important areas of the human environment, including education, health, the workplace, and so on†. The two areas of applied psychology discussed in this essay are clinical psychology and educational psychology, and the associated theories and ethical issues. Both areas use a wide range of theories, with clinical psychology mainly using behavioural and cognitive theories, whilst educational largely focuses on Piaget’s theories of cognitive development, and behaviourism. Both areas have several associated ethical issues, particularly when working with such vulnerable people (e.g. clinical psychologists often work with people with mental disorders, whilst educational psychologists mainly work with children). Clinical psychology Clinical psychology is defined as â€Å"the application of psychological theory to human distress, manifested as psychological problems. Therefore, clinical psychology is a profession primarily concerned with the alleviation of psychological problems† (Coolican, 2007). To become a clinical psychologist, a person would need a British Psychological Society (BPS) accredited undergraduate psychology degree, or voluntary experience with people with mental health disorders or with psychological research. They would also need clinical or research experience, or education to post-graduate level. They would then require an accredited 3-yearShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Gaining A Degree Essay1093 Words   |  5 Pagesfresh or continuing an education plan. Do you currently have a job in a certain field. Once you come to a final answer on what you want you can choose a degree. There are many benefits of gaining a degree in the field of Psychology. 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The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology. The following are some of the major schools of thought that have influenced our knowledge

Effects of Alcohol Advertising Alcoholic †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About the Effects of Alcohol Advertising Alcoholic? Answer: Introduction Effects of advertisement are considered to be the promotion of the alcoholic beverages by the companies producing them It is considered to be the highly regulated forms of the publicity and marketing The main motive of the alcoholic companies is to focus for the changing of the brands that people prefers It helps in gaining the share of the alcoholic market (Schudson, 2013) It generally targets the adolescents for their dependency on these alcoholic beverages Adolescents are more vulnerable and prone for the dependency on their alcoholic beverages after checking the television advertisements History Alcohol advertising came into the existence since the year 1933 (Grenard, Dent Stacy, 2012) Hook Alcohol industry is considered to be one of the strong self-regulating and therefore consists of the mostly ignored regulation of the federal government. Not only being ignored, even the alcoholic companies have regulation fort not showing th concept of drinking on the screens of the television (Rehm et al., 2013) Thesis This report deals with the effects of advertisements of alcohol in the lifestyle of the young generations, adolescents and the young adults. Body Paragraph 1 Topic Sentence Advertising of alcohols have adverse effect on the health of the adolescent. The adolescent goes on increasing the rate of the consumption of alcohol. Causes: Huge pressure from friends and peers To have an impression of looking and feeling like an Adult They feel bored (Lopez et al., 2014) Effects: Evidence Pressure from friends is an influential force irrespective of any phase of the life. It, however, plays a vital part mainly in pre-adulthood Every now and then, adolescents desired to be dealt with like grown-ups. "I'm not a child any longer" is a regular words that are being chant by the adolescents, particularly when they need benefits that accompanied age like utilizing liquor (WHO, 2014). It is nothing unexpected that they're attracted to things that make them feel like a grown-up, matured, and sophisticated. The feeling of 'boredom' can rapidly get anybody and particularly a fretful youngster into a wide range of inconvenience Example At this phase, when children undergo a struggle to find their identity and where they actually fit in at this period frailties can be furious the wish to be acknowledged and preferred makes saying "no" troublesome. Saying no can likewise have difficult outcomes, extending from being giggled at or somewhat prodded, to being embarrassed, rejected and even tormented (Vanes et al., 2014). Drinking, smoking, and use of drugs can all lift that feel; "Hey, take a look at me; I'm all grown up now." With those practices comes the impression that one is genuinely developed and they have the capability of dealing with anything. Tragically, one awful episode can rapidly smash it and remind them exactly how young and powerless they are in real life. . It's far and away more terrible for youngsters who have exhausted companions. Sitting back with a couple of lagers or a couple hits with companions (or even alone) is regularly an elusive incline to addiction. Body Paragraph 2 Topic Sentence Advertisement of alcohols leads to the behavior of substance abuse Causes: Adolescents become ignorant Curiosity to know and experience unknown things and/or habits Copying parents behaviors and/or activities (WHO, 2014) Effects: Evidence Teenagers don't have a clue about what's beneficial for them and so forth. Not on account of they're not splendid, but rather in light of the fact that they just don't have enough information or experience (Lowery Sloane, 2014). For those on the outside looking in, it appears as though everybody who's "doing it" is having a ton of fun, and they are the ones who are passing up a great opportunity. Interest not just "killed the cat," it likewise can be an exceptionally enticing temptress. The longing to attempt new things and investigate the world didn't abruptly stop when adolescence initiated. The longing to discover what it feels like to get inebriated or high "simply this once," obviously can be exceptionally strong. Also, "Everyone tests don't they?" can be an exceptionally convincing reason. Tragically, unreasonably many children wind up in liquor or drugs recovery treatment not far off because of some disastrous need to fulfill their interest (Patton et al., 2014) Youngsters who stay with parents that abuse drugs and liquor generally stick to this same pattern. If considered, that is what they only know and what they've learned from their parents. Also, in the event that one or both guardians are effectively utilizing they regularly have access too. Without any doubt, a few children will do the exact inverse and evade all substances, needing to maintain a strategic distance from the very thing that destroyed their parents' lives or prompted traumatic adolescence encounters, for example, abuse or disregard. Examples Trying different things with liquor or drugs on a regular basis appears to be pure enough, although it is frequently viewed as a kind of pre-adult "soul changing experience." Numerous adolescents feel entitled for various analyses at this phase of life, as though they're relied upon to as such and along these lines ought to do as such. What many don't understand is that it's neither pure nor innocuous. Adolescents do not observe (and haven't yet figured out how to limit or justify) is all the regurgitating subsequent to drinking excessively, the after-effect the following morning, or the sickening "what have I done?" morning - in the wake of feeling when they've recently woken up in an interesting spot or understood that the needle they utilized was grimy. Surprisingly more Healthcare is ending up in a prison cell or grieving the demise of a companion who drove home tipsy. The joy of obliviousness can be immediately broken. Truth be told, it frequently turns out to be considerably stronger. Most youngsters have significantly more independence (and some have an abundant excess) than they did as children. They are less firmly directed and regularly left home alone for long intervals while their parents are still at work or out for the night. Reference Grenard, J. L., Dent, C. W., Stacy, A. W. (2013). Exposure to alcohol advertisements and teenage alcohol-related problems.Pediatrics, peds-2012. Lpez-Caneda, E., Holgun, S. R., Cadaveira, F., Corral, M., Doallo, S. (2014). Impact of alcohol use on inhibitory control (and vice versa) during adolescence and young adulthood: a review.Alcohol and alcoholism,49(2), 173-181. Lowery, B. C., Sloane, D. C. (2014). The prevalence of harmful content on outdoor advertising in Los Angeles: land use, community characteristics, and the spatial inequality of a public health nuisance.American journal of public health,104(4), 658-664. Patton, R., Deluca, P., Kaner, E., Newbury-Birch, D., Phillips, T., Drummond, C. (2014). Alcohol screening and brief intervention for adolescents: the how, what and where of reducing alcohol consumption and related harm among young people.Alcohol and alcoholism,49(2), 207-212. Rehm, J., Shield, K. D., Gmel, G., Rehm, M. X., Frick, U. (2013). Modeling the impact of alcohol dependence on mortality burden and the effect of available treatment interventions in the European Union.European Neuropsychopharmacology,23(2), 89-97. Schudson, M. (2013).Advertising, the uneasy persuasion (RLE Advertising): Its dubious impact on American society. Routledge. Vanes, L. D., Holst, R. J., Jansen, J. M., Brink, W., Oosterlaan, J., Goudriaan, A. E. (2014). Contingency learning in alcohol dependence and pathological gambling: learning and unlearning reward contingencies.Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Management 38(6), 1602-1610. World Health Organization. (2014).Global status report on alcohol and health 2014. World Health Organization.

My is on Drinking and Driving Offences. In Essay Example For Students

My is on Drinking and Driving Offences. In Essay duiMy essay is on Drinking and Driving Offences. In my essay I will tell you the various kinds of drinking and driving offences, the penalties, and the defences you can make if you are caught drinking and driving. Let me tell you about the different offences. There are six offences in drinking and driving. They are driving while impaired,Having care and control of a vehicle while impaired, Driving whileexceeding 80 m.g., Having care and control of a vehicle while exceeding80 m.g., Refusing to give a breath sample, and refusing to submit to aroadside screen test. These are all Criminal Code Offences. Now lets talk about the penalties of drinking and driving. Thesentence for refusing to give a breath sample is usually higher than either of the exceeding 80 m.g. offences. Consequently it is usuallyeasier in the long run for you to give a breath sample if asked. If, forexample you are convicted of Refusing ato give a breath sample for thefirst time, but was earlier convicted of Driving while impaired, yourconviction for Refusing will count as a second conviction, not a first,and will receive the stiffer penalty for second offences. For the first offence here is the penalty and the defences you canmake. Driving a vehicle while your ability to drive is impaired by alcoholor drugs is one of the offences. Evidence of your condition can be used toconvict you. This can include evidence of your general conduct, speech, ability to walk a straight line or pick up objects. The penalty of thefirst offences is a fine of $50.00 to $2000.00 and/or imprisonment of up tosix months, and automatic suspension of licence for 3 months. The secondoffence penalty is imprisonment for 14 days to 1 year and automaticsuspension of licence for 6 months. The third offence penalty isimprisonment for 3 months to 2 years (or more) and automatic suspension oflicence for six months. These penalties are the same for the followingHaving Care and Control of a Motor Vehicle while Impaired isanother offence. Having care and control of a vehicle does not requirethat you be driving it. Occupying the drivers seat, even if you did nothave the keys, is s ufficient. Walking towards the car with the keys couldbe sufficient. Some defences are you were not impaired, or you did not havecare and control because you were not in the drivers seat, did not havethe keys, etc. It is not a defence that you registered below 80 m.g. onthe breathayzer test. Having care and control depends on all circumstances. Driving While Exceeding 80 m.g. is the next offence. Driving avehicle, having consumed alcohol in such a quantity that the proportion ofalcohol in your blood exceeds 80 miligrams of alcohol in 100 mililitres ofblood. Some defences are the test was administered improperly, or thebreathalyzer machine was not functioning properly. Having Care and control of a Motor Vehicle while Exceeding 80m.g. is the next offence I will talk about. This offence means havingcare and control of a vehicle whether it is in motion or not, havingconsumed alcohol in such a quantity that the proportion of alcohol in yourblood exceeds 80 miligrams of alcohol in 100 mililitres of blood. Thedefences are the test was administered improperly, or the breathalyzermachine was not functioning properly. To defend against breathalyzerevidence you must understand how the test should be administered. Theproper procedure for a breathalyzer test is as follows. Warming up themachine until the thermometer registers 50 degrees centigrade. This shouldtake at least 10 minutes. The machine should then be turned to zero (byusing the adjust zero control) and a comparison ampoulel (of normal air)inserted. if the metre remains at zero, the test can proceed. An ampoulewith a standard solution is then inserted. If the metre reads high or lowby more than .02% on two successive tests, the machine should not be used. If the trial is valid, the machine should be flushed with room air and thepointer set at start. You will then be asked to provide two breath samples,about fifteen minutes apart. Normally they will take the result of thelowest result and use it as evidence against you. .ubfe4630cb6017d0cf9df5ff45d2e608f , .ubfe4630cb6017d0cf9df5ff45d2e608f .postImageUrl , .ubfe4630cb6017d0cf9df5ff45d2e608f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubfe4630cb6017d0cf9df5ff45d2e608f , .ubfe4630cb6017d0cf9df5ff45d2e608f:hover , .ubfe4630cb6017d0cf9df5ff45d2e608f:visited , .ubfe4630cb6017d0cf9df5ff45d2e608f:active { border:0!important; } .ubfe4630cb6017d0cf9df5ff45d2e608f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubfe4630cb6017d0cf9df5ff45d2e608f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubfe4630cb6017d0cf9df5ff45d2e608f:active , .ubfe4630cb6017d0cf9df5ff45d2e608f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubfe4630cb6017d0cf9df5ff45d2e608f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubfe4630cb6017d0cf9df5ff45d2e608f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubfe4630cb6017d0cf9df5ff45d2e608f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubfe4630cb6017d0cf9df5ff45d2e608f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubfe4630cb6017d0cf9df5ff45d2e608f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubfe4630cb6017d0cf9df5ff45d2e608f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubfe4630cb6017d0cf9df5ff45d2e608f .ubfe4630cb6017d0cf9df5ff45d2e608f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubfe4630cb6017d0cf9df5ff45d2e608f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Information systems In BankingRefusing to Give a Breath Sample means refusing without areasonable excuse to give a sample or refusing without a reasonable excuseto accompany a polic officer, when demanded by the police officer. Beforedemanding by the police officer, he must have reasonable and probable grounds to believe that you are committing or at any time in the preceedingtwo hours have committed, one of the offences of driving or having care andcontrol of a vehicle while impaired or while having a blood alcohol levelin excess of 80 m.g. You can refuse to give a breath sample until you havecommunicated in private with your lawyer even if this takes you beyond thetwo ho ur period, unless it is shown that your request for a lawyer was notgenuine and merely to delay the testing. The test can be done after thetwo hour period, but a technician must testify in court as to what yourblood alcohol would have been in the two hour period. You cannot refuse toaccompany the officer until you see your lawyer. You can argue that theofficer didnt have reasonable and probable grounds to suspect you, butthis however depends on the circumstances. Refusing to submit to a Roadside Screening Test is the lastoffense. When you commit this offense you are refusing without reasonableexcuse to give a breath sample for a roadside screening device, or refusingwithout reasonable excuse to accompany a police officer for the purposes ofgiving such a sample, when demanded by an officer. Before the officerdemands a breathalyzer he must reasonably suspect that you have alcohol inThe maximum penalties for impaired driving causing bodily harm to someone is up to 10 years in prison and up to a 10 year prohabition fromdriving. The maximum penalties for impaired driving causing death is up to14 years and a 10 year prohabition from driving. The maximum penalty formanslaughter and criminal negligence causing death is up to life in prisonand up to a lifetime prohabition from driving. I think that these penalties for all the drinking and driving offences are very appropriate, but I think impaired driving causing deathshould be a lifetime imprisonment. Also if a person is impaired and causesbodily harm to some one they should have their licence suspended from himBIBLIOGRAPHYHighway Traffic Law, (Copyright January 1986: Community Legal EducationGovernment Document, Canada Law Reform Commision Report on InvestigativeTests: Aclohol, Drugs, and Driving Offences (1983). Erwin,Richard E. M.Bender ,Defence of Drunk Driving Cases, Criminal CivilPurich, Donald John, Drinking and Driving:What To Do If Your Caught(International Self Counsel Pr. 1978) p.22-25Verticle File at Hill Crest Library, Drinking and Driving-Offences andsVerticle File at Hill Crest Liabrary, Criminal Code-Part 6 (1989), sectionVerticle File at Hill Crest Library, HighWay Trafic (1989), section 26Bibliography: